Phonon density of states of the Einstein model

In the Einstein model, all of the modes have the same frequency ω0. The density of states is a delta function D(ω) = 3nδ(ω - ω0). Here n is the density of atoms.

The form below generates a table of where the first column is the angular frequency ω in rad/s and the second column is the density of states D(ω) in units of s/(rad m³). The delta function is approximated by a square pulse that is ω0/1000 wide.

  D(ω)
[1015s/(rad m³)]

ω [1012 rad/s]

Frequency: ω0 =

[rad/s]

Density of atoms: n =

[1/m³]

The internal energy density in the Einstein model is,

$$u(T) = \int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\hbar\omega D(\omega)}{\exp\left(\frac{\hbar\omega}{k_BT}\right)-1}d\omega=\frac{3n\hbar\omega_0 }{\exp\left(\frac{\hbar\omega_0}{k_BT}\right)-1}.$$

The specific heat is the derivative of the internal energy,

$$c_v = \frac{du}{dT} = \frac{3nk_B\left(\frac{\hbar\omega_0}{k_BT}\right)^2\exp\left(\frac{\hbar\omega_0}{k_BT}\right)}{\left(\exp\left(\frac{\hbar\omega_0}{k_BT}\right)-1\right)^2}.$$

This has the correct high temperature behavior, $c_v\rightarrow 3nk_b,$ and it goes to zero at $T=0$ as it should, but the temperature dependence near $T=0$ is not correct. Debye improved on Einstein's model and calculated the correct temperature dependence at low temperatures.